ConstantinopleEarly Byzantine-Muslim Wars

Byzantium, Bulgaria

Muslim Caliphate

41.0°N, 29.0°E· Turkey

Land

Sea

4

VincyRise of Charles Martel

Austrasia

Neustria

49.7°N, 4.0°E· France

Land

FranceCologneAustrasiaParisNeustriansthe Kingdom of the FranksNeustria